#28305 closed Bug (fixed)
AlterField migration tries to alter column that still has a foreign key contraint
| Reported by: | Andreas Backx | Owned by: | nobody |
|---|---|---|---|
| Component: | Migrations | Version: | dev |
| Severity: | Release blocker | Keywords: | mysql, onetoonefield, utf8mb4, foreign key |
| Cc: | Markus Holtermann | Triage Stage: | Accepted |
| Has patch: | yes | Needs documentation: | no |
| Needs tests: | no | Patch needs improvement: | yes |
| Easy pickings: | no | UI/UX: | no |
Description (last modified by )
A test case has been created here: https://github.com/AndreasBackx/Django-OneToOneFieldBug-Example. How to run the test case is described there. The bug applies to Django 1.11.2 and the master branch of Django. There are tests for 1.10.7 which succeed and tests that fail for 1.11.2 and the master branch.
There is a migration issue when moving from Django 1.10.7 to Django 1.11.2. This sample I made is a slimmed down version from an internal library which moved from utf8 to utf8mb4 in MySQL. This required the keys to be changed from 255 characters to 191 characters in order to be compatible with older versions of MySQL but the reason is irrelevant here. The issue is that Django 1.11.2+ tries to change the 'id' column of which the max_length has been changed from 255 to 191 that still has a constraint. It results in the following error:
django.db.utils.OperationalError: (1833, "Cannot change column 'id': used in a foreign key constraint 'myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id' of table 'test_onetoone.myapp_agreement'")
This is the full traceback:
Applying myapp.0002_utf8mb4...Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/utils.py", line 65, in execute
return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 101, in execute
return self.cursor.execute(query, args)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 250, in execute
self.errorhandler(self, exc, value)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 50, in defaulterrorhandler
raise errorvalue
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 247, in execute
res = self._query(query)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 411, in _query
rowcount = self._do_query(q)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 374, in _do_query
db.query(q)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 292, in query
_mysql.connection.query(self, query)
_mysql_exceptions.OperationalError: (1833, "Cannot change column 'id': used in a foreign key constraint 'myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id' of table 'test_onetoone.myapp_agreement'")
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "manage.py", line 22, in <module>
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 363, in execute_from_command_line
utility.execute()
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 355, in execute
self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/test.py", line 29, in run_from_argv
super(Command, self).run_from_argv(argv)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 283, in run_from_argv
self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 330, in execute
output = self.handle(*args, **options)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/test.py", line 62, in handle
failures = test_runner.run_tests(test_labels)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/test/runner.py", line 601, in run_tests
old_config = self.setup_databases()
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/test/runner.py", line 546, in setup_databases
self.parallel, **kwargs
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/test/utils.py", line 187, in setup_databases
serialize=connection.settings_dict.get('TEST', {}).get('SERIALIZE', True),
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/creation.py", line 69, in create_test_db
run_syncdb=True,
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 130, in call_command
return command.execute(*args, **defaults)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 330, in execute
output = self.handle(*args, **options)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py", line 204, in handle
fake_initial=fake_initial,
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/migrations/executor.py", line 115, in migrate
state = self._migrate_all_forwards(state, plan, full_plan, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/migrations/executor.py", line 145, in _migrate_all_forwards
state = self.apply_migration(state, migration, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/migrations/executor.py", line 244, in apply_migration
state = migration.apply(state, schema_editor)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/migrations/migration.py", line 129, in apply
operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, schema_editor, old_state, project_state)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py", line 215, in database_forwards
schema_editor.alter_field(from_model, from_field, to_field)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/schema.py", line 515, in alter_field
old_db_params, new_db_params, strict)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/schema.py", line 684, in _alter_field
params,
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/schema.py", line 120, in execute
cursor.execute(sql, params)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/utils.py", line 65, in execute
return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/utils/six.py", line 685, in reraise
raise value.with_traceback(tb)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/utils.py", line 65, in execute
return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 101, in execute
return self.cursor.execute(query, args)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 250, in execute
self.errorhandler(self, exc, value)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 50, in defaulterrorhandler
raise errorvalue
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 247, in execute
res = self._query(query)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 411, in _query
rowcount = self._do_query(q)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 374, in _do_query
db.query(q)
File "/path/to/project/django-onetoone-test/.tox/py35-django-111/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 292, in query
_mysql.connection.query(self, query)
django.db.utils.OperationalError: (1833, "Cannot change column 'id': used in a foreign key constraint 'myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id' of table 'test_onetoone.myapp_agreement'")
Here is some extra information that I thought might be relevant.
This is the output of onetoone/manage.py sqlmigrate myapp 0002 on Django 1.11.2 (after resetting the database and running migrate which failed on the second migration):
BEGIN; -- -- Create model Group -- CREATE TABLE `myapp_group` (`id` varchar(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY); -- -- Create model Member -- CREATE TABLE `myapp_member` (`id` varchar(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, `group_id` varchar(255) NULL); -- -- Create model Agreement -- CREATE TABLE `myapp_agreement` (`id` varchar(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, `member_id` varchar(255) NULL UNIQUE); ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk_myapp_group_id` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_group` (`id`); ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id` FOREIGN KEY (`member_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_member` (`id`); COMMIT; BEGIN; -- -- Alter field id on group -- ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk`; ALTER TABLE `myapp_group` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `group_id` varchar(191) NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_group` (`id`); -- -- Alter field id on member -- ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id`; ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `member_id` varchar(191) NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`member_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_member` (`id`); -- -- Alter field id on agreement -- ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; COMMIT;
The same but for Django 1.10.7 (the second migration succeeded here):
BEGIN; -- -- Create model Group -- CREATE TABLE `myapp_group` (`id` varchar(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY); -- -- Create model Member -- CREATE TABLE `myapp_member` (`id` varchar(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, `group_id` varchar(255) NULL); -- -- Create model Agreement -- CREATE TABLE `myapp_agreement` (`id` varchar(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, `member_id` varchar(255) NULL UNIQUE); ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk_myapp_group_id` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_group` (`id`); ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id` FOREIGN KEY (`member_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_member` (`id`); COMMIT; BEGIN; -- -- Alter field id on group -- ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk`; ALTER TABLE `myapp_group` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `group_id` varchar(191) NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_group` (`id`); -- -- Alter field id on member -- ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk`; ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `member_id` varchar(191) NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`member_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_member` (`id`); -- -- Alter field id on agreement -- ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; COMMIT;
This is the diff for these files:
--- django10 2017-06-13 22:18:21.099594038 +0200 +++ django11 2017-06-13 22:17:38.821556738 +0200 @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ -- -- Alter field id on member -- -ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk`; +ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id`; ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `member_id` varchar(191) NULL; ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`member_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_member` (`id`);
I'm not too familiar with the database part of the Django core and wouldn't know where to begin. I thought to add as much information as I could, I can provide more if need be, but the test project should allow you to make your own assessments.
Change History (17)
comment:1 by , 8 years ago
| Keywords: | foreign key added |
|---|
comment:2 by , 8 years ago
| Description: | modified (diff) |
|---|
comment:3 by , 8 years ago
| Type: | Uncategorized → Bug |
|---|
comment:4 by , 8 years ago
comment:5 by , 8 years ago
I'll try to create a test for the Django's test suite hopefully this week and bisect it that way as something came up that needs to prioritisation here. Should I add the failing test in the first commit and add a patch in the second commit of the PR?
comment:8 by , 8 years ago
| Cc: | added |
|---|
Bisected to 45ded053b1f4320284aa5dac63052f6d1baefea9, Fixed #27666 -- Delayed rendering of recursivly related models in migration operations.
comment:9 by , 8 years ago
| Severity: | Normal → Release blocker |
|---|---|
| Triage Stage: | Unreviewed → Accepted |
comment:10 by , 8 years ago
Thanks for the report Andreas. I took a shot at this. Here's what I found:
- This issue doesn't seem to manifest on PostgreSQL
- The SQL created in
sqlmigrate(which you posted above) works (you can run that manually and the constraints get dropped and recreated as intended) manage.py migratefor whatever reason does _not_ run theALTER TABLE myapp_agreement DROP FOREIGN KEY myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id;on 1.11.x which is due to_related_non_m2m_objects()in https://github.com/django/django/blob/stable/1.11.x/django/db/backends/base/schema.py#L551 not returning related objects.
$ python manage.py sqlmigrate myapp 0002 --settings onetoone.mysql_settings
> /home/markus/Coding/django/django/db/backends/base/schema.py(549)_alter_field()
548 import ipdb; ipdb.set_trace()
--> 549 if old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key and old_type != new_type:
550 # '_meta.related_field' also contains M2M reverse fields, these
ipdb> ipdb> tuple(_related_non_m2m_objects(old_field, new_field))
((<ManyToOneRel: myapp.member>, <ManyToOneRel: myapp.member>),)
ipdb> c
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk`; (params ())
ALTER TABLE `myapp_group` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; (params [])
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `group_id` varchar(191) NULL; (params [])
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_group` (`id`); (params ())
> /home/markus/Coding/django/django/db/backends/base/schema.py(549)_alter_field()
548 import ipdb; ipdb.set_trace()
--> 549 if old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key and old_type != new_type:
550 # '_meta.related_field' also contains M2M reverse fields, these
ipdb> tuple(_related_non_m2m_objects(old_field, new_field))
((<OneToOneRel: myapp.agreement>, <OneToOneRel: myapp.agreement>),)
ipdb> c
ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id`; (params ())
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; (params [])
ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `member_id` varchar(191) NULL; (params [])
ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`member_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_member` (`id`); (params ())
> /home/markus/Coding/django/django/db/backends/base/schema.py(549)_alter_field()
548 import ipdb; ipdb.set_trace()
--> 549 if old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key and old_type != new_type:
550 # '_meta.related_field' also contains M2M reverse fields, these
ipdb> c
ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; (params [])
BEGIN;
--
-- Alter field id on group
--
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk`;
ALTER TABLE `myapp_group` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `group_id` varchar(191) NULL;
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_group` (`id`);
--
-- Alter field id on member
--
ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id`;
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `member_id` varchar(191) NULL;
ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`member_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_member` (`id`);
--
-- Alter field id on agreement
--
ALTER TABLE `myapp_agreement` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL;
COMMIT;
$ python manage.py migrate myapp 0002 --settings onetoone.mysql_settings
System check identified some issues:
WARNINGS:
?: (mysql.W002) MySQL Strict Mode is not set for database connection 'default'
HINT: MySQL's Strict Mode fixes many data integrity problems in MySQL, such as data truncation upon insertion, by escalating warnings into errors. It is strongly recommended you activate it. See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/databases/#mysql-sql-mode
Operations to perform:
Target specific migration: 0002_utf8mb4, from myapp
Running migrations:
Applying myapp.0002_utf8mb4...> /home/markus/Coding/django/django/db/backends/base/schema.py(549)_alter_field()
548 import ipdb; ipdb.set_trace()
--> 549 if old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key and old_type != new_type:
550 # '_meta.related_field' also contains M2M reverse fields, these
ipdb> tuple(_related_non_m2m_objects(old_field, new_field))
((<ManyToOneRel: myapp.member>, <ManyToOneRel: myapp.member>),)
ipdb> c
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` DROP FOREIGN KEY `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk`; (params ())
ALTER TABLE `myapp_group` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; (params [])
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `group_id` varchar(191) NULL; (params [])
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` ADD CONSTRAINT `myapp_member_group_id_31ff18be_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `myapp_group` (`id`); (params ())
> /home/markus/Coding/django/django/db/backends/base/schema.py(549)_alter_field()
548 import ipdb; ipdb.set_trace()
--> 549 if old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key and old_type != new_type:
550 # '_meta.related_field' also contains M2M reverse fields, these
ipdb> tuple(_related_non_m2m_objects(old_field, new_field))
()
ipdb> c
ALTER TABLE `myapp_member` MODIFY `id` varchar(191) NOT NULL; (params [])
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/markus/Coding/django/django/db/backends/utils.py", line 65, in execute
return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
File "/home/markus/Coding/django/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 101, in execute
return self.cursor.execute(query, args)
File "/home/markus/.venvs/django-py35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 226, in execute
self.errorhandler(self, exc, value)
File "/home/markus/.venvs/django-py35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 36, in defaulterrorhandler
raise errorvalue
File "/home/markus/.venvs/django-py35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 217, in execute
res = self._query(query)
File "/home/markus/.venvs/django-py35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 378, in _query
rowcount = self._do_query(q)
File "/home/markus/.venvs/django-py35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 341, in _do_query
db.query(q)
File "/home/markus/.venvs/django-py35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 280, in query
_mysql.connection.query(self, query)
_mysql_exceptions.OperationalError: (1833, "Cannot change column 'id': used in a foreign key constraint 'myapp_agreement_member_id_0dc75c75_fk_myapp_member_id' of table 'django.myapp_agreement'")
Both commands are run on 1.11.3.dev20170617223301
comment:11 by , 8 years ago
Markus, do you have any suggestions about how to fix this? I confirmed that reverting the delayed rendering changes to AlterField fixes it. Maybe the reloading shouldn't be delayed if a field is pointed to by a foreign key? (i.e. reloading should be delayed for both forward and reverse relations)
A starting point would be to bisect to find the commit where the behavior changed. If writing a test for Django's test suite is too difficult for you, you can always bisect manually using your test project.