diff --git a/docs/ref/models/options.txt b/docs/ref/models/options.txt
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This document explains all the possible :ref:`metadata options
|
6 | 6 | <meta-options>` that you can give your model in its internal ``class |
7 | 7 | Meta``. |
8 | 8 | |
| 9 | Available ``Meta`` options |
| 10 | ========================== |
| 11 | |
| 12 | .. currentmodule:: django.db.models |
| 13 | |
| 14 | ``abstract`` |
| 15 | ------------ |
| 16 | |
| 17 | .. attribute:: Options.abstract |
| 18 | |
| 19 | If ``True``, this model will be an :ref:`abstract base class <abstract-base-classes>`. |
| 20 | |
| 21 | ``app_label`` |
| 22 | ------------- |
| 23 | |
| 24 | .. attribute:: Options.app_label |
| 25 | |
| 26 | If a model exists outside of the standard :file:`models.py` (for instance, if |
| 27 | the app's models are in submodules of ``myapp.models``), the model must define |
| 28 | which app it is part of:: |
| 29 | |
| 30 | app_label = 'myapp' |
| 31 | |
| 32 | ``db_table`` |
| 33 | ------------ |
| 34 | |
| 35 | .. attribute:: Options.db_table |
| 36 | |
| 37 | The name of the database table to use for the model:: |
| 38 | |
| 39 | db_table = 'music_album' |
| 40 | |
9 | 41 | .. _table-names: |
10 | 42 | |
11 | 43 | Table names |
12 | | =========== |
| 44 | ~~~~~~~~~~~ |
13 | 45 | |
14 | 46 | To save you time, Django automatically derives the name of the database table |
15 | 47 | from the name of your model class and the app that contains it. A model's |
16 | 48 | database table name is constructed by joining the model's "app label" -- the |
17 | | name you used in :djadmin:`manage.py startapp <startapp>` -- to the model's |
18 | | class name, with an underscore between them. |
| 49 | name you used in ``manage.py startapp`` -- to the model's class name, with an |
| 50 | underscore between them. |
19 | 51 | |
20 | 52 | For example, if you have an app ``bookstore`` (as created by |
21 | 53 | ``manage.py startapp bookstore``), a model defined as ``class Book`` will have |
… |
… |
If your database table name is an SQL reserved word, or contains characters that
|
28 | 60 | aren't allowed in Python variable names -- notably, the hyphen -- that's OK. |
29 | 61 | Django quotes column and table names behind the scenes. |
30 | 62 | |
31 | | Available ``Meta`` options |
32 | | ========================== |
33 | | |
34 | | .. currentmodule:: django.db.models |
35 | | |
36 | | .. attribute:: Options.abstract |
37 | | |
38 | | If ``True``, this model will be an |
39 | | :ref:`abstract base class <abstract-base-classes>`. |
40 | | |
41 | | .. attribute:: Options.app_label |
42 | | |
43 | | If a model exists outside of the standard :file:`models.py` (for instance, |
44 | | if the app's models are in submodules of ``myapp.models``), the model must |
45 | | define which app it is part of:: |
46 | | |
47 | | app_label = 'myapp' |
48 | | |
49 | | .. attribute:: Options.db_table |
50 | | |
51 | | The name of the database table to use for the model:: |
52 | | |
53 | | db_table = 'music_album' |
54 | | |
| 63 | ``db_tablespace`` |
| 64 | ----------------- |
55 | 65 | |
56 | 66 | .. attribute:: Options.db_tablespace |
57 | 67 | |
58 | | .. versionadded:: 1.0 |
| 68 | .. versionadded:: 1.0 |
| 69 | |
| 70 | The name of the database tablespace to use for the model. If the backend doesn't |
| 71 | support tablespaces, this option is ignored. |
59 | 72 | |
60 | | The name of the database tablespace to use for the model. If the backend |
61 | | doesn't support tablespaces, this option is ignored. |
| 73 | ``get_latest_by`` |
| 74 | ----------------- |
62 | 75 | |
63 | 76 | .. attribute:: Options.get_latest_by |
64 | 77 | |
65 | | The name of a :class:`DateField` or :class:`DateTimeField` in the model. |
66 | | This specifies the default field to use in your model :class:`Manager`'s |
67 | | :class:`~QuerySet.latest` method. |
| 78 | The name of a :class:`DateField` or :class:`DateTimeField` in the model. This |
| 79 | specifies the default field to use in your model :class:`Manager`'s |
| 80 | :class:`~QuerySet.latest` method. |
68 | 81 | |
69 | | Example:: |
| 82 | Example:: |
70 | 83 | |
71 | | get_latest_by = "order_date" |
| 84 | get_latest_by = "order_date" |
72 | 85 | |
73 | | See the docs for :meth:`~django.db.models.QuerySet.latest` for more. |
| 86 | See the docs for :meth:`~django.db.models.QuerySet.latest` for more. |
| 87 | |
| 88 | ``managed`` |
| 89 | ----------------------- |
74 | 90 | |
75 | 91 | .. attribute:: Options.managed |
76 | 92 | |
77 | | .. versionadded:: 1.1 |
| 93 | .. versionadded:: 1.1 |
| 94 | |
| 95 | Defaults to ``True``, meaning Django will create the appropriate database |
| 96 | tables in :djadmin:`syncdb` and remove them as part of a :djadmin:`reset` |
| 97 | management command. That is, Django *manages* the database tables' lifecycles. |
78 | 98 | |
79 | | Defaults to ``True``, meaning Django will create the appropriate database |
80 | | tables in :djadmin:`syncdb` and remove them as part of a :djadmin:`reset` |
81 | | management command. That is, Django *manages* the database tables' |
82 | | lifecycles. |
| 99 | If ``False``, no database table creation or deletion operations will be |
| 100 | performed for this model. This is useful if the model represents an existing |
| 101 | table or a database view that has been created by some other means. This is |
| 102 | the *only* difference when ``managed`` is ``False``. All other aspects of |
| 103 | model handling are exactly the same as normal. This includes |
83 | 104 | |
84 | | If ``False``, no database table creation or deletion operations will be |
85 | | performed for this model. This is useful if the model represents an |
86 | | existing table or a database view that has been created by some other |
87 | | means. This is the *only* difference when ``managed=False``. All other |
88 | | aspects of model handling are exactly the same as normal. This includes: |
| 105 | 1. Adding an automatic primary key field to the model if you don't declare |
| 106 | it. To avoid confusion for later code readers, it's recommended to |
| 107 | specify all the columns from the database table you are modeling when |
| 108 | using unmanaged models. |
89 | 109 | |
90 | | 1. Adding an automatic primary key field to the model if you don't |
91 | | declare it. To avoid confusion for later code readers, it's |
92 | | recommended to specify all the columns from the database table you |
93 | | are modeling when using unmanaged models. |
| 110 | 2. If a model with ``managed=False`` contains a |
| 111 | :class:`~django.db.models.ManyToManyField` that points to another |
| 112 | unmanaged model, then the intermediate table for the many-to-many join |
| 113 | will also not be created. However, a the intermediary table between one |
| 114 | managed and one unmanaged model *will* be created. |
94 | 115 | |
95 | | 2. If a model with ``managed=False`` contains a |
96 | | :class:`~django.db.models.ManyToManyField` that points to another |
97 | | unmanaged model, then the intermediate table for the many-to-many |
98 | | join will also not be created. However, a the intermediary table |
99 | | between one managed and one unmanaged model *will* be created. |
| 116 | If you need to change this default behavior, create the intermediary |
| 117 | table as an explicit model (with ``managed`` set as needed) and use the |
| 118 | :attr:`ManyToManyField.through` attribute to make the relation use your |
| 119 | custom model. |
100 | 120 | |
101 | | If you need to change this default behavior, create the intermediary |
102 | | table as an explicit model (with ``managed`` set as needed) and use |
103 | | the :attr:`~ManyToManyField.through` attribute to make the relation |
104 | | use your custom model. |
| 121 | For tests involving models with ``managed=False``, it's up to you to ensure |
| 122 | the correct tables are created as part of the test setup. |
105 | 123 | |
106 | | For tests involving models with ``managed=False``, it's up to you to ensure |
107 | | the correct tables are created as part of the test setup. |
| 124 | If you're interested in changing the Python-level behavior of a model class, |
| 125 | you *could* use ``managed=False`` and create a copy of an existing model. |
| 126 | However, there's a better approach for that situation: :ref:`proxy-models`. |
108 | 127 | |
109 | | If you're interested in changing the Python-level behavior of a model class, |
110 | | you *could* use ``managed=False`` and create a copy of an existing model. |
111 | | However, there's a better approach for that situation: :ref:`proxy-models`. |
| 128 | ``order_with_respect_to`` |
| 129 | ------------------------- |
112 | 130 | |
113 | 131 | .. attribute:: Options.order_with_respect_to |
114 | 132 | |
115 | | Marks this object as "orderable" with respect to the given field. This is |
116 | | almost always used with related objects to allow them to be ordered with |
117 | | respect to a parent object. For example, if an ``Answer`` relates to a |
118 | | ``Question`` object, and a question has more than one answer, and the order |
119 | | of answers matters, you'd do this:: |
| 133 | Marks this object as "orderable" with respect to the given field. This is almost |
| 134 | always used with related objects to allow them to be ordered with respect to a |
| 135 | parent object. For example, if an ``Answer`` relates to a ``Question`` object, |
| 136 | and a question has more than one answer, and the order of answers matters, you'd |
| 137 | do this:: |
| 138 | |
| 139 | class Answer(models.Model): |
| 140 | question = models.ForeignKey(Question) |
| 141 | # ... |
120 | 142 | |
121 | | class Answer(models.Model): |
122 | | question = models.ForeignKey(Question) |
123 | | # ... |
| 143 | class Meta: |
| 144 | order_with_respect_to = 'question' |
124 | 145 | |
125 | | class Meta: |
126 | | order_with_respect_to = 'question' |
| 146 | ``ordering`` |
| 147 | ------------ |
127 | 148 | |
128 | 149 | .. attribute:: Options.ordering |
129 | 150 | |
130 | | The default ordering for the object, for use when obtaining lists of |
131 | | objects:: |
| 151 | The default ordering for the object, for use when obtaining lists of objects:: |
132 | 152 | |
133 | | ordering = ['-order_date'] |
| 153 | ordering = ['-order_date'] |
134 | 154 | |
135 | | This is a tuple or list of strings. Each string is a field name with an |
136 | | optional "-" prefix, which indicates descending order. Fields without a |
137 | | leading "-" will be ordered ascending. Use the string "?" to order |
138 | | randomly. |
| 155 | This is a tuple or list of strings. Each string is a field name with an optional |
| 156 | "-" prefix, which indicates descending order. Fields without a leading "-" will |
| 157 | be ordered ascending. Use the string "?" to order randomly. |
139 | 158 | |
140 | | .. note:: |
| 159 | .. note:: |
141 | 160 | |
142 | | Regardless of how many fields are in :attr:`~Options.ordering`, the |
143 | | admin site uses only the first field. |
| 161 | Regardless of how many fields are in :attr:`~Options.ordering`, the admin |
| 162 | site uses only the first field. |
144 | 163 | |
145 | | For example, to order by a ``pub_date`` field ascending, use this:: |
| 164 | For example, to order by a ``pub_date`` field ascending, use this:: |
146 | 165 | |
147 | | ordering = ['pub_date'] |
| 166 | ordering = ['pub_date'] |
148 | 167 | |
149 | | To order by ``pub_date`` descending, use this:: |
| 168 | To order by ``pub_date`` descending, use this:: |
150 | 169 | |
151 | | ordering = ['-pub_date'] |
| 170 | ordering = ['-pub_date'] |
152 | 171 | |
153 | | To order by ``pub_date`` descending, then by ``author`` ascending, use |
154 | | this:: |
| 172 | To order by ``pub_date`` descending, then by ``author`` ascending, use this:: |
155 | 173 | |
156 | | ordering = ['-pub_date', 'author'] |
| 174 | ordering = ['-pub_date', 'author'] |
| 175 | |
| 176 | ``permissions`` |
| 177 | --------------- |
157 | 178 | |
158 | 179 | .. attribute:: Options.permissions |
159 | 180 | |
160 | | Extra permissions to enter into the permissions table when creating this |
161 | | object. Add, delete and change permissions are automatically created for |
162 | | each object that has ``admin`` set. This example specifies an extra |
163 | | permission, ``can_deliver_pizzas``:: |
| 181 | Extra permissions to enter into the permissions table when creating this object. |
| 182 | Add, delete and change permissions are automatically created for each object |
| 183 | that has ``admin`` set. This example specifies an extra permission, |
| 184 | ``can_deliver_pizzas``:: |
| 185 | |
| 186 | permissions = (("can_deliver_pizzas", "Can deliver pizzas"),) |
164 | 187 | |
165 | | permissions = (("can_deliver_pizzas", "Can deliver pizzas"),) |
| 188 | This is a list or tuple of 2-tuples in the format ``(permission_code, |
| 189 | human_readable_permission_name)``. |
166 | 190 | |
167 | | This is a list or tuple of 2-tuples in the format ``(permission_code, |
168 | | human_readable_permission_name)``. |
| 191 | ``proxy`` |
| 192 | --------- |
169 | 193 | |
170 | 194 | .. attribute:: Options.proxy |
171 | 195 | |
172 | | .. versionadded:: 1.1 |
| 196 | .. versionadded:: 1.1 |
| 197 | |
| 198 | If set to ``True``, a model which subclasses another model will be treated as |
| 199 | a :ref:`proxy model <proxy-models>`. |
173 | 200 | |
174 | | If set to ``True``, a model which subclasses another model will be treated |
175 | | as a :ref:`proxy model <proxy-models>`. |
| 201 | ``unique_together`` |
| 202 | ------------------- |
176 | 203 | |
177 | 204 | .. attribute:: Options.unique_together |
178 | 205 | |
179 | | Sets of field names that, taken together, must be unique:: |
| 206 | Sets of field names that, taken together, must be unique:: |
180 | 207 | |
181 | | unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),) |
| 208 | unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),) |
182 | 209 | |
183 | | This is a list of lists of fields that must be unique when considered |
184 | | together. It's used in the Django admin and is enforced at the database level |
185 | | (i.e., the appropriate ``UNIQUE`` statements are included in the |
186 | | ``CREATE TABLE`` statement). |
| 210 | This is a list of lists of fields that must be unique when considered together. |
| 211 | It's used in the Django admin and is enforced at the database level (i.e., the |
| 212 | appropriate ``UNIQUE`` statements are included in the ``CREATE TABLE`` |
| 213 | statement). |
187 | 214 | |
188 | | .. versionadded:: 1.0 |
| 215 | .. versionadded:: 1.0 |
189 | 216 | |
190 | | For convenience, unique_together can be a single list when dealing with a |
191 | | single set of fields:: |
| 217 | For convenience, unique_together can be a single list when dealing with a single |
| 218 | set of fields:: |
192 | 219 | |
193 | | unique_together = ("driver", "restaurant") |
| 220 | unique_together = ("driver", "restaurant") |
| 221 | |
| 222 | ``verbose_name`` |
| 223 | ---------------- |
194 | 224 | |
195 | 225 | .. attribute:: Options.verbose_name |
196 | 226 | |
197 | | A human-readable name for the object, singular:: |
| 227 | A human-readable name for the object, singular:: |
| 228 | |
| 229 | verbose_name = "pizza" |
198 | 230 | |
199 | | verbose_name = "pizza" |
| 231 | If this isn't given, Django will use a munged version of the class name: |
| 232 | ``CamelCase`` becomes ``camel case``. |
200 | 233 | |
201 | | If this isn't given, Django will use a munged version of the class name: |
202 | | ``CamelCase`` becomes ``camel case``. |
| 234 | ``verbose_name_plural`` |
| 235 | ----------------------- |
203 | 236 | |
204 | 237 | .. attribute:: Options.verbose_name_plural |
205 | 238 | |
206 | | The plural name for the object:: |
| 239 | The plural name for the object:: |
207 | 240 | |
208 | | verbose_name_plural = "stories" |
| 241 | verbose_name_plural = "stories" |
209 | 242 | |
210 | | If this isn't given, Django will use |
211 | | :attr:`~Options.verbose_name` + ``"s"``. |
| 243 | If this isn't given, Django will use :attr:`~Options.verbose_name` + ``"s"``. |