Ticket #2070: 5089-streaming_file_upload_with_safe_file_move.diff

File 5089-streaming_file_upload_with_safe_file_move.diff, 28.0 KB (added by Øyvind Saltvik <oyvind@…>, 17 years ago)

Added missing else

  • django/http/__init__.py

     
    1 import os
     1import os, pickle
    22from Cookie import SimpleCookie
    33from pprint import pformat
    44from urllib import urlencode, quote
    55from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict
    66
     7try:
     8    from cStringIO import StringIO
     9except ImportError:
     10    from StringIO import StringIO
     11
    712RESERVED_CHARS="!*'();:@&=+$,/?%#[]"
    813
    914try:
    … …  
    4247    def is_secure(self):
    4348        return os.environ.get("HTTPS") == "on"
    4449
    45 def parse_file_upload(header_dict, post_data):
    46     "Returns a tuple of (POST MultiValueDict, FILES MultiValueDict)"
    47     import email, email.Message
    48     from cgi import parse_header
    49     raw_message = '\r\n'.join(['%s:%s' % pair for pair in header_dict.items()])
    50     raw_message += '\r\n\r\n' + post_data
    51     msg = email.message_from_string(raw_message)
    52     POST = MultiValueDict()
    53     FILES = MultiValueDict()
    54     for submessage in msg.get_payload():
    55         if submessage and isinstance(submessage, email.Message.Message):
    56             name_dict = parse_header(submessage['Content-Disposition'])[1]
    57             # name_dict is something like {'name': 'file', 'filename': 'test.txt'} for file uploads
    58             # or {'name': 'blah'} for POST fields
    59             # We assume all uploaded files have a 'filename' set.
    60             if name_dict.has_key('filename'):
    61                 assert type([]) != type(submessage.get_payload()), "Nested MIME messages are not supported"
    62                 if not name_dict['filename'].strip():
    63                     continue
    64                 # IE submits the full path, so trim everything but the basename.
    65                 # (We can't use os.path.basename because it expects Linux paths.)
    66                 filename = name_dict['filename'][name_dict['filename'].rfind("\\")+1:]
    67                 FILES.appendlist(name_dict['name'], {
    68                     'filename': filename,
    69                     'content-type': (submessage.has_key('Content-Type') and submessage['Content-Type'] or None),
    70                     'content': submessage.get_payload(),
    71                 })
     50def parse_file_upload(headers, input):
     51    from django.conf import settings
     52
     53    # Only stream files to disk if FILE_STREAMING_DIR is set
     54    file_upload_dir = settings.FILE_UPLOAD_DIR
     55    streaming_min_post_size = settings.STREAMING_MIN_POST_SIZE
     56
     57    try:
     58        parser = MultiPartParser(headers, input, file_upload_dir, streaming_min_post_size)
     59        return parser.parse()
     60    except MultiPartParserError, e:
     61        return MultiValueDict({ '_file_upload_error': [e.message] }), {}
     62
     63class MultiPartParserError(Exception):
     64    def __init__(self, message):
     65        self.message = message
     66    def __str__(self):
     67        return repr(self.message)
     68       
     69class MultiPartParser(object):
     70    """
     71    A rfc2388 multipart/form-data parser.
     72   
     73    parse() reads the input stream in chunk_size chunks and returns a
     74    tuple of (POST MultiValueDict, FILES MultiValueDict). If
     75    file_upload_dir is defined files will be streamed to temporary
     76    files in the specified directory.
     77
     78    The FILES dictionary will have 'filename', 'content-type',
     79    'content' and 'content-length' entries. For streamed files it will
     80    also have 'tmpfilename' and 'tmpfile'. The 'content' entry will
     81    only be read from disk when referenced for streamed files.
     82
     83    If the header X-Progress-ID is sent with a 32 character hex string
     84    a temporary file with the same name will be created in
     85    `file_upload_dir`` with a pickled { 'received', 'size' }
     86    dictionary with the number of bytes received and the size expected
     87    respectively. The file will be unlinked when the parser finishes.
     88
     89    """
     90
     91    def __init__(self, headers, input, file_upload_dir=None, streaming_min_post_size=None, chunk_size=1024*64):
     92        try:
     93            content_length = int(headers['Content-Length'])
     94        except:
     95            raise MultiPartParserError('Invalid Content-Length: %s' % headers.get('Content-Length'))
     96
     97        content_type = headers.get('Content-Type')
     98
     99        if not content_type or not content_type.startswith('multipart/'):
     100            raise MultiPartParserError('Invalid Content-Type: %s' % content_type)
     101           
     102        ctype, opts = self.parse_header(content_type)
     103        boundary = opts.get('boundary')
     104        from cgi import valid_boundary
     105        if not boundary or not valid_boundary(boundary):
     106            raise MultiPartParserError('Invalid boundary in multipart form: %s' % boundary)
     107
     108        # check if we got a valid X-Progress-ID id
     109        progress_id = headers.get('X-Progress-ID')
     110        if file_upload_dir and progress_id:
     111            import re
     112            if re.match(r'^[0-9a-zA-Z]{32}$', progress_id):
     113                self._progress_filename = os.path.join(file_upload_dir, progress_id)
    72114            else:
    73                 POST.appendlist(name_dict['name'], submessage.get_payload())
    74     return POST, FILES
     115                raise MultiPartParserError('Invalid X-Progress-ID: %s' % progress_id)
     116        else:
     117            self._progress_filename = None
     118        self._boundary = '--' + boundary
     119        self._input = input
     120        self._size = content_length
     121        self._received = 0
     122        self._file_upload_dir = file_upload_dir
     123        self._chunk_size = chunk_size
     124        self._state = 'PREAMBLE'
     125        self._partial = ''
     126        self._post = MultiValueDict()
     127        self._files = MultiValueDict()
    75128
     129        if streaming_min_post_size is not None and content_length < streaming_min_post_size:
     130            self._file_upload_dir = None # disable file streaming for small request
     131
     132        try:
     133            # use mx fast string search if available
     134            from mx.TextTools import FS
     135            self._fs = FS(self._boundary)
     136        except ImportError:
     137            self._fs = None
     138
     139    def parse(self):
     140        try:
     141            self._parse()
     142        finally:
     143            if self._progress_filename:
     144                try:
     145                    os.unlink(self._progress_filename)
     146                except OSError:
     147                    pass
     148       
     149        return self._post, self._files
     150
     151    def _parse(self):
     152        size = self._size
     153
     154        try:
     155            while size > 0:
     156                n = self._read(self._input, min(self._chunk_size, size))
     157                if not n:
     158                    break
     159                size -= n
     160        except:
     161            # consume any remaining data so we dont generate a "Connection Reset" error
     162            size = self._size - self._received
     163            while size > 0:
     164                data = self._input.read(min(self._chunk_size, size))
     165                size -= len(data)
     166            raise
     167
     168    def _find_boundary(self, data, start, stop):
     169        """
     170        Find the next boundary and return the end of current part
     171        and start of next part.
     172        """
     173        if self._fs:
     174            boundary = self._fs.find(data, start, stop)
     175        else:
     176            boundary = data.find(self._boundary, start, stop)
     177        if boundary >= 0:
     178            end = boundary
     179            next = boundary + len(self._boundary)
     180
     181            # backup over CRLF
     182            if end > 0 and data[end-1] == '\n': end -= 1
     183            if end > 0 and data[end-1] == '\r': end -= 1
     184            # skip over --CRLF
     185            if next < stop and data[next] == '-': next += 1
     186            if next < stop and data[next] == '-': next += 1
     187            if next < stop and data[next] == '\r': next += 1
     188            if next < stop and data[next] == '\n': next += 1
     189
     190            return True, end, next
     191        else:
     192            return False, stop, stop
     193
     194    class TemporaryFile(object):
     195        "A temporary file that tries to delete itself when garbage collected."
     196        def __init__(self, dir):
     197            import tempfile
     198            (fd, name) = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix='.upload', dir=dir)
     199            self.file = os.fdopen(fd, 'w+b')
     200            self.name = name
     201
     202        def __getattr__(self, name):
     203            a = getattr(self.__dict__['file'], name)
     204            if type(a) != type(0):
     205                setattr(self, name, a)
     206            return a
     207
     208        def __del__(self):
     209            try:
     210                os.unlink(self.name)
     211            except OSError:
     212                pass
     213           
     214    class LazyContent(dict):
     215        """
     216        A lazy FILES dictionary entry that reads the contents from
     217        tmpfile only when referenced.
     218        """
     219        def __init__(self, data):
     220            dict.__init__(self, data)
     221       
     222        def __getitem__(self, key):
     223            if key == 'content' and not self.has_key(key):
     224                self['tmpfile'].seek(0)
     225                self['content'] = self['tmpfile'].read()
     226            return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
     227
     228    def _read(self, input, size):
     229        data = input.read(size)
     230
     231        if not data:
     232            return 0
     233
     234        read_size = len(data)
     235        self._received += read_size
     236
     237        if self._partial:
     238            data = self._partial + data
     239
     240        start = 0
     241        stop = len(data)
     242       
     243        while start < stop:
     244            boundary, end, next = self._find_boundary(data, start, stop)
     245
     246            if not boundary and read_size:
     247                # make sure we dont treat a partial boundary (and its separators) as data
     248                stop -= len(self._boundary) + 16
     249                end = next = stop
     250                if end <= start:
     251                    break # need more data
     252
     253            if self._state == 'PREAMBLE':
     254                # Preamble, just ignore it
     255                self._state = 'HEADER'
     256
     257            elif self._state == 'HEADER':
     258                # Beginning of header, look for end of header and parse it if found.
     259
     260                header_end = data.find('\r\n\r\n', start, stop)
     261                if header_end == -1:
     262                    break # need more data
     263
     264                header = data[start:header_end]
     265
     266                self._fieldname = None
     267                self._filename = None
     268                self._content_type = None
     269
     270                for line in header.split('\r\n'):
     271                    ctype, opts = self.parse_header(line)
     272                    if ctype == 'content-disposition: form-data':
     273                        self._fieldname = opts.get('name')
     274                        self._filename = opts.get('filename')
     275                    elif ctype.startswith('content-type: '):
     276                        self._content_type = ctype[14:]
     277
     278                if self._filename is not None:
     279                    # cleanup filename from IE full paths:
     280                    self._filename = self._filename[self._filename.rfind("\\")+1:].strip()
     281
     282                    if self._filename: # ignore files without filenames
     283                        if self._file_upload_dir:
     284                            try:
     285                                self._file = self.TemporaryFile(dir=self._file_upload_dir)
     286                            except:
     287                                raise MultiPartParserError("Failed to create temporary file.")
     288                        else:
     289                            self._file = StringIO()
     290                    else:
     291                        self._file = None
     292                    self._filesize = 0
     293                    self._state = 'FILE'
     294                else:
     295                    self._field = StringIO()
     296                    self._state = 'FIELD'
     297                next = header_end + 4
     298
     299            elif self._state == 'FIELD':
     300                # In a field, collect data until a boundary is found.
     301
     302                self._field.write(data[start:end])
     303                if boundary:
     304                    if self._fieldname:
     305                        self._post.appendlist(self._fieldname, self._field.getvalue())
     306                    self._field.close()
     307                    self._state = 'HEADER'
     308
     309            elif self._state == 'FILE':
     310                # In a file, collect data until a boundary is found.
     311
     312                if self._file:
     313                    try:
     314                        self._file.write(data[start:end])
     315                    except IOError, e:
     316                        raise MultiPartParserError("Failed to write to temporary file.")
     317                    self._filesize += end-start
     318
     319                    if self._progress_filename:
     320                        f = open(os.path.join(self._file_upload_dir, self._progress_filename), 'w')
     321                        pickle.dump({ 'received': self._received, 'size': self._size }, f)
     322                        f.close()
     323
     324                if boundary:
     325                    if self._file:
     326                        if self._file_upload_dir:
     327                            self._file.seek(0)
     328                            file = self.LazyContent({
     329                                'filename': self._filename,
     330                                'content-type':  self._content_type,
     331                                # 'content': is read on demand
     332                                'content-length': self._filesize,
     333                                'tmpfilename': self._file.name,
     334                                'tmpfile': self._file
     335                            })
     336                        else:
     337                            file = {
     338                                'filename': self._filename,
     339                                'content-type':  self._content_type,
     340                                'content': self._file.getvalue(),
     341                                'content-length': self._filesize
     342                            }
     343                            self._file.close()
     344
     345                        self._files.appendlist(self._fieldname, file)
     346
     347                    self._state = 'HEADER'
     348
     349            start = next
     350               
     351        self._partial = data[start:]
     352
     353        return read_size
     354
     355    def parse_header(self, line):
     356        from cgi import parse_header
     357        return parse_header(line)
     358
     359
     360
    76361class QueryDict(MultiValueDict):
    77362    """A specialized MultiValueDict that takes a query string when initialized.
    78363    This is immutable unless you create a copy of it."""
    … …  
    306591    if not host:
    307592        host = request.META.get('HTTP_HOST', '')
    308593    return host
     594

  • django/oldforms/__init__.py

     
    666666        self.validator_list = [self.isNonEmptyFile] + validator_list
    667667
    668668    def isNonEmptyFile(self, field_data, all_data):
    669         try:
    670             content = field_data['content']
    671         except TypeError:
     669        if field_data.has_key('_file_upload_error'):
     670            raise validators.CriticalValidationError, field_data['_file_upload_error']
     671        if not field_data.has_key('filename'):
    672672            raise validators.CriticalValidationError, gettext("No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form.")
    673         if not content:
     673        if not field_data['content-length']:
    674674            raise validators.CriticalValidationError, gettext("The submitted file is empty.")
    675675
    676676    def render(self, data):
    677677        return '<input type="file" id="%s" class="v%s" name="%s" />' % \
    678678            (self.get_id(), self.__class__.__name__, self.field_name)
    679679
     680    def prepare(self, new_data):
     681        if new_data.has_key('_file_upload_error'):
     682            # pretend we got something in the field to raise a validation error later
     683            new_data[self.field_name] = { '_file_upload_error': new_data['_file_upload_error'] }
     684
    680685    def html2python(data):
    681686        if data is None:
    682687            raise EmptyValue

  • django/db/models/base.py

     
    1212from django.dispatch import dispatcher
    1313from django.utils.datastructures import SortedDict
    1414from django.utils.functional import curry
     15from django.utils.file import file_move_safe
    1516from django.conf import settings
    1617from itertools import izip
    1718import types
    1819import sys
    1920import os
    2021
     22               
    2123class ModelBase(type):
    2224    "Metaclass for all models"
    2325    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
    … …  
    361363    def _get_FIELD_size(self, field):
    362364        return os.path.getsize(self._get_FIELD_filename(field))
    363365
    364     def _save_FIELD_file(self, field, filename, raw_contents, save=True):
     366    def _save_FIELD_file(self, field, filename, raw_field, save=True):
    365367        directory = field.get_directory_name()
    366368        try: # Create the date-based directory if it doesn't exist.
    367369            os.makedirs(os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, directory))
    … …  
    383385        setattr(self, field.attname, filename)
    384386
    385387        full_filename = self._get_FIELD_filename(field)
    386         fp = open(full_filename, 'wb')
    387         fp.write(raw_contents)
    388         fp.close()
     388        if raw_field.has_key('tmpfilename'):
     389            raw_field['tmpfile'].close()
     390            file_move_safe(raw_field['tmpfilename'], full_filename)
     391        else:
     392            fp = open(full_filename, 'wb')
     393            fp.write(raw_field['content'])
     394            fp.close()
    389395
    390396        # Save the width and/or height, if applicable.
    391397        if isinstance(field, ImageField) and (field.width_field or field.height_field):

  • django/db/models/fields/__init__.py

     
    636636        setattr(cls, 'get_%s_filename' % self.name, curry(cls._get_FIELD_filename, field=self))
    637637        setattr(cls, 'get_%s_url' % self.name, curry(cls._get_FIELD_url, field=self))
    638638        setattr(cls, 'get_%s_size' % self.name, curry(cls._get_FIELD_size, field=self))
    639         setattr(cls, 'save_%s_file' % self.name, lambda instance, filename, raw_contents, save=True: instance._save_FIELD_file(self, filename, raw_contents, save))
     639        setattr(cls, 'save_%s_file' % self.name, lambda instance, filename, raw_field, save=True: instance._save_FIELD_file(self, filename, raw_field, save))
    640640        dispatcher.connect(self.delete_file, signal=signals.post_delete, sender=cls)
    641641
    642642    def delete_file(self, instance):
    … …  
    659659        if new_data.get(upload_field_name, False):
    660660            func = getattr(new_object, 'save_%s_file' % self.name)
    661661            if rel:
    662                 func(new_data[upload_field_name][0]["filename"], new_data[upload_field_name][0]["content"], save)
     662                func(new_data[upload_field_name][0]["filename"], new_data[upload_field_name][0], save)
    663663            else:
    664                 func(new_data[upload_field_name]["filename"], new_data[upload_field_name]["content"], save)
     664                func(new_data[upload_field_name]["filename"], new_data[upload_field_name], save)
    665665
    666666    def get_directory_name(self):
    667667        return os.path.normpath(datetime.datetime.now().strftime(self.upload_to))

  • django/conf/global_settings.py

     
    240240# isExistingURL validator.
    241241URL_VALIDATOR_USER_AGENT = "Django/0.96pre (http://www.djangoproject.com)"
    242242
     243# The directory to place streamed file uploads. The web server needs write
     244# permissions on this directory.
     245# If this is None, streaming uploads are disabled.
     246FILE_UPLOAD_DIR = None
     247
     248
     249# The minimum size of a POST before file uploads are streamed to disk.
     250# Any less than this number, and the file is uploaded to memory.
     251# Size is in bytes.
     252STREAMING_MIN_POST_SIZE = 512 * (2**10)
     253
     254
     255
     256
    243257##############
    244258# MIDDLEWARE #
    245259##############
    … …  
    335349
    336350# The list of directories to search for fixtures
    337351FIXTURE_DIRS = ()
     352
     353

  • django/core/handlers/wsgi.py

     
    111111            if self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').startswith('multipart'):
    112112                header_dict = dict([(k, v) for k, v in self.environ.items() if k.startswith('HTTP_')])
    113113                header_dict['Content-Type'] = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '')
    114                 self._post, self._files = http.parse_file_upload(header_dict, self.raw_post_data)
     114                header_dict['Content-Length'] = self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH', '')
     115                header_dict['X-Progress-ID'] = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_PROGRESS_ID', '')
     116                try:
     117                    self._post, self._files = http.parse_file_upload(header_dict, self.environ['wsgi.input'])
     118                except:
     119                    self._post, self._files = {}, {} # make sure we dont read the input stream again
     120                    raise
     121                self._raw_post_data = None # raw data is not available for streamed multipart messages
    115122            else:
    116123                self._post, self._files = http.QueryDict(self.raw_post_data), datastructures.MultiValueDict()
    117124        else:

  • django/core/handlers/modpython.py

     
    4747    def _load_post_and_files(self):
    4848        "Populates self._post and self._files"
    4949        if self._req.headers_in.has_key('content-type') and self._req.headers_in['content-type'].startswith('multipart'):
    50             self._post, self._files = http.parse_file_upload(self._req.headers_in, self.raw_post_data)
     50            self._raw_post_data = None # raw data is not available for streamed multipart messages
     51            try:
     52                self._post, self._files = http.parse_file_upload(self._req.headers_in, self._req)
     53            except:
     54                self._post, self._files = {}, {} # make sure we dont read the input stream again
     55                raise
    5156        else:
    5257            self._post, self._files = http.QueryDict(self.raw_post_data), datastructures.MultiValueDict()
    5358

  • tests/modeltests/test_client/views.py

     
    4444
    4545    return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
    4646
     47def post_file_view(request):
     48    "A view that expects a multipart post and returns a file in the context"
     49    t = Template('File {{ file.filename }} received', name='POST Template')
     50    c = Context({'file': request.FILES['file_file']})
     51    return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
     52
    4753def redirect_view(request):
    4854    "A view that redirects all requests to the GET view"
    4955    return HttpResponseRedirect('/test_client/get_view/')

  • tests/modeltests/test_client/models.py

     
    7575        self.assertEqual(response.template.name, "Book template")
    7676        self.assertEqual(response.content, "Blink - Malcolm Gladwell")
    7777
     78    def test_post_file_view(self):
     79        "POST this python file to a view"
     80        import os, tempfile
     81        from django.conf import settings
     82        file = __file__.replace('.pyc', '.py')
     83        for upload_dir in [None, tempfile.gettempdir()]:
     84            settings.FILE_UPLOAD_DIR = upload_dir
     85            post_data = { 'name': file, 'file': open(file) }
     86            response = self.client.post('/test_client/post_file_view/', post_data)
     87            self.failUnless('models.py' in response.context['file']['filename'])
     88            self.failUnless(len(response.context['file']['content']) == os.path.getsize(file))
     89            if upload_dir:
     90                self.failUnless(response.context['file']['tmpfilename'])
     91
     92
    7893    def test_redirect(self):
    7994        "GET a URL that redirects elsewhere"
    8095        response = self.client.get('/test_client/redirect_view/')

  • tests/modeltests/test_client/urls.py

     
    44urlpatterns = patterns('',
    55    (r'^get_view/$', views.get_view),
    66    (r'^post_view/$', views.post_view),
     7    (r'^post_file_view/$', views.post_file_view),
    78    (r'^raw_post_view/$', views.raw_post_view),
    89    (r'^redirect_view/$', views.redirect_view),
    910    (r'^form_view/$', views.form_view),

  • docs/request_response.txt

     
    7272``FILES``
    7373    A dictionary-like object containing all uploaded files. Each key in
    7474    ``FILES`` is the ``name`` from the ``<input type="file" name="" />``. Each
    75     value in ``FILES`` is a standard Python dictionary with the following three
     75    value in ``FILES`` is a standard Python dictionary with the following four
    7676    keys:
    7777
    7878        * ``filename`` -- The name of the uploaded file, as a Python string.
    7979        * ``content-type`` -- The content type of the uploaded file.
    8080        * ``content`` -- The raw content of the uploaded file.
     81        * ``content-length`` -- The length of the content in bytes.
    8182
     83    If streaming file uploads are enabled two additional keys
     84    describing the uploaded file will be present:
     85
     86        * ``tmpfilename`` -- The filename for the temporary file.
     87        * ``tmpfile`` -- An open file object for the temporary file.
     88
     89    The temporary file will be removed when the request finishes.
     90
     91    Note that accessing ``content`` when streaming uploads are enabled
     92    will read the whole file into memory which may not be what you want.
     93
    8294    Note that ``FILES`` will only contain data if the request method was POST
    8395    and the ``<form>`` that posted to the request had
    8496    ``enctype="multipart/form-data"``. Otherwise, ``FILES`` will be a blank

  • docs/settings.txt

     
    437437
    438438.. _Testing Django Applications: ../testing/
    439439
     440FILE_UPLOAD_DIR
     441---------------
     442
     443Default: ``None``
     444
     445Path to a directory where temporary files should be written during
     446file uploads. Leaving this as ``None`` will disable streaming file uploads,
     447and cause all uploaded files to be stored (temporarily) in memory.
     448
    440449IGNORABLE_404_ENDS
    441450------------------
    442451
    … …  
    774783
    775784.. _site framework docs: ../sites/
    776785
     786STREAMING_MIN_POST_SIZE
     787-----------------------
     788
     789Default: 524288 (``512*1024``)
     790
     791An integer specifying the minimum number of bytes that has to be
     792received (in a POST) for file upload streaming to take place. Any
     793request smaller than this will be handled in memory.
     794Note: ``FILE_UPLOAD_DIR`` has to be defined to enable streaming.
     795
    777796TEMPLATE_CONTEXT_PROCESSORS
    778797---------------------------
    779798

  • docs/forms.txt

     
    475475   new_data = request.POST.copy()
    476476   new_data.update(request.FILES)
    477477
     478Streaming file uploads.
     479-----------------------
     480
     481File uploads will be read into memory by default. This works fine for
     482small to medium sized uploads (from 1MB to 100MB depending on your
     483setup and usage). If you want to support larger uploads you can enable
     484upload streaming where only a small part of the file will be in memory
     485at any time. To do this you need to specify the ``FILE_UPLOAD_DIR``
     486setting (see the settings_ document for more details).
     487
     488See `request object`_ for more details about ``request.FILES`` objects
     489with streaming file uploads enabled.
     490
    478491Validators
    479492==========
    480493
    … …  
    693706.. _`generic views`: ../generic_views/
    694707.. _`models API`: ../model-api/
    695708.. _settings: ../settings/
     709.. _request object: ../request_response/#httprequest-objects
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